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集合名詞

所謂集合名詞是指同種類的人或動物等之集合體名稱：

如： family 家庭，家族 people 民族、人民， crowd 群眾，nation 國家、國民， army 軍隊、party 黨、class 班級，team 隊、組，committee 委員會，委員們，mankind 人類，police 警察 cattle 牛等均屬集合名詞。

集合名詞的用法：

若把集合名詞視為一整體，則其用法和普通名詞的用法完全相同：

一、family：

(一) 家庭：

1. His family is a large one. （他的家是一個大家庭）

2. Three families live in this house . （這房子裡住有三戶住家）

(二) 家人：

1. My family are all well.（找家裡的人都好）

2. There are three people in my family.

二、people：

(一)作人們解釋只能當複數，必須接複數動詞。【例如】Most people like music.

(二)作種族解釋有單複數。【例如】There are may peoples in China.

～(PME;EC 3.1.1 .11) and endopolygalacturonase (PG; EC 3.2.1.15) (Brummell and Harpster, 2001). Wounding affects the levels of pectic enzymes present in fresh-cut fruit. In papaya the levels of PG and β-galactosidase (β-gal; EC 3.2.1.23) are increased after cutting and remain higher than in intact fruit during subsequent storage (Karakurt and Huber, 2003)

～。採收損傷影響剛採收後的水果內的果膠酵素分泌。木瓜的PG與β-galactosidase酵素會在採收後增加並且與未受損傷的水果相比，在之後的儲存中會顯得比較高。

[翻譯實例]

In colonial America , there were very few free schools. Those children, who could attend, attended classes six days a week. There was normally only one teacher, and all the children learned their lessons in the same room, often using a slate board, battledore and a hornbook.
在美國殖民時期還很少有自由的學校。當時學生必須一週上課六天，並且通常只有一位老師，而且所有的學生都在相同的教室上課，黑板、羽毛球拍跟兒童認字用的入門書都是大家共用的。

Some students recited the lessons out loud while others studied quietly. Students were taught the three"R's" , reading, writing and arithmetic. CHILD'SHORNBOOK~ Small wooden replica ABC Hornbook as used in early American schools. Features a typical lessonsheet, including the ABC's, Lord's Prayer and vowel combinations ludes complete history.

有些學生大聲的背誦課程，而其他的學生則靜靜的念書。學生們被教授3R，那就是讀、寫與數學。學生的認字用的圖畫書：是早期美國學校使用的小本的木製仿造ABC童書，特點是具有典型的第幾課區分頁，包括是，內容包括ABC，對主的禱告以及母音發音組合等的完整歷史。

Booking Reference Number (訂位代碼) 常見於航空公司訂票作業。

所謂訂位代碼是指在訂位完成後，由訂位系統所產生出的一個代碼（例如：TK23LX）。訂位代碼的用途在於便於訂位、開票或尋找訂位資料。

[翻譯實例-Translation sample]

The History of California

California's history is unique. It has been shaped, in part, by its geography. California has four main regions. The temperate coastal region, the Central Valley , once an inland sea, the desert, and the mountain region. The name " California " came from a knightly romance book that was published in 1510. It was about an island paradise near the Indies where beautiful Queen Califia ruled over a country of beautiful black Amazons with lots of pearls and gold. Men were only allowed there one day a year to help perpetuate the race. Cortez's men thought they found the island in 1535, because they found pearls. Later, Francisco de Ulloa found that the island was really a peninsula.

The first settlers to arrive in California after the Native Americans were Spanish, and later Mexican. Russia had some small settlements for the purpose of whaling and fur trapping in Northern California, but Russia didn't attempt to colonize the area except in very isolated areas. Spanish priests were sent to California to convert the Indians to Christianity. Spain hoped to make the California native population into good Spaniards, loyal to Spain . Spain was becoming alarmed that the Russians and English were encroaching on lands claimed by Spain .

200 years after the superpowers of Spain and England first began to fight over California , Spain decided to send priests in significant numbers in order to start missions. Spain wanted the missions to serve as supply and trading posts for her galleons in addition to the purpose of converting the Indians. Spain knew she needed settlers to keep her tenuous hold on to these new lands. England had ceased to become a real threat since the American Colonists had driven England from much of the New World .

In addition to starting the missions to gain settlers, the Spanish King, and later the Mexican government, gave people land grants to start ranchos and encourage settlers. Eventually, ranchos were given to Anglo settlers to encourage loyalty to Spain and to discourage alliance with the United States . The Spanish policy of purchasing loyalty remains to the present time as can be seen by the attempt of Argentina to offer the Falkland citizens a large amount of money to ally themselves with Argentina rather than England . The Anglo settlers tended to accept the land but remain loyal to the United States .

Some of the ranchos lasted even beyond statehood. Descanso Gardens , in the city of La Canada , was donated to the state by descendants of the original grant holder. Even though Mexicans had positions of political power at the beginning of California 's statehood, most of the California Mexicans, or Californios, lost their land soon after. Even so, the Californios played a large part in early California politics.

Prior to the Gold Rush, settlers very slowly filtered into California until 1848 when gold was discovered at Sutter's Mill. Suddenly, people from all over the world looking to strike it rich flooded through San Francisco . They travelled up the Sacramento River to the gold fields. The Gold Rush was devastating to the Native Americans in the area and depleted many natural resources. The California tribes still have a rich culture and heritage, but the nineteenth century was a period of great loss for all native tribes in the area.

It was this discovery of gold that hastened California 's statehood. On September 9, 1850, President Fillmore officially made California the thirty-first state. One thing that helped ease California 's isolation was the telegraph. By 1861, telegraph lines stretched across the country. Unfortunately, buffalo on the plains often knocked down the poles, leaving California isolated again until the line was fixed.

【翻譯】

加州具有獨特的歷史，它在地理上被區分為四個區域：溫和的海岸、中央山谷(一度是內海)，沙漠與山區。加州的名稱由來是來自一本1510年代出版，有關騎士浪漫故事的書，這是一本有關一個靠近東印度群島天堂般的島嶼，在島上有位美麗的Califia女王統治著一個美麗、有著許多珍珠與黃金的黑色亞美遜王國，男人一年只被允許一天協助種族繁衍，Cortez 人認為他們在1535年因為發現了珍珠而找到了這個島嶼，其後，Francisco de Ulloa 才發現這個島嶼其實是一個半島。

在美洲原住民之後首先抵達加州的移民是西班牙人，接著則是墨西哥人。為了在北美捕鯨與取得毛皮俄羅斯也有一些少數移民，但俄羅斯並不希望在這個與世隔絕的 區域移民。西班牙則派遣傳教士到加州，希望能夠將印地安人教化成為基督徒。西班牙希望將加州當地土著轉變為西班牙人，並對西班牙效忠。西班牙對於俄羅斯與 英國侵入這個由西班牙宣稱擁有主權的島嶼產生警覺。

200年 後，超級強權西班牙和英國首次開始爭奪加州，西班牙決定大量派遣傳教士。西班牙希望傳教特派團除了教化印第安人將之轉變為西班牙人以外，還能作為大帆船的 供應和貿易員。西班牙知道她需要讓移民堅定的守護這些新的土地。因為美國殖民者已經將英國趕出許多新世界的土地，因此英國已不再成為一個真正的威脅。

除了開始獲得移民的支持外，西班牙國王和後來的墨西哥政府，贈送人民土地，以便他們能夠經營農場並鼓勵定居。最終，農場並給予英國移民以鼓勵效忠西班牙， 並切斷與美國的關係。西班牙購買忠誠的政策，至今仍然可見一端，今日的阿根廷向福克蘭群島居民提供大量金錢支助，期望他們將阿廷而非英國作為自己的盟友。 然而英國移民拿到了土地卻還是向美國效忠。

一些農場甚至是跨州經營。La Canada市的 Descanso 花園經原先接受贈送土的持有人後裔捐獻給國家，儘管墨西哥人在加州早期具有政治力量，加州的大部分墨西哥人和加州人不久便失去土地。即使如此， 加州人在早期的加州政治上扮演著重要的角色。

在淘金熱之前，加州移民速度緩慢，直到1848年在Sutter's Mill發 現黃金後。突然間，人們洪水似地從世界各地湧向舊金山希望能夠挖到黃金致富。淘金者走訪沙加緬度河的金礦區。淘金熱對當地美國原住民是毀滅性的，造成當地 自然資源的耗竭。加州的部落仍然擁有豐富的文化和遺產，但十九世紀對此一區域的所有土著部落來講卻是一個造成巨大損失的時期。

由於在加州發現了黃金，加速確立加州的州地位。1850年9月9日時，Fillmore 總統正式將加州列入第31州。1861年時，電報線路延伸全國各地，電報有助於加州的對外聯繫，使免於遭到隔離。不幸的是，平地上的水牛經常不小心撞倒電線桿，使得加州在修好電線桿前對外通訊困難。