在1960年代末，為了作為「第三線」（the third line）在遙遠內陸重新部署防禦工事，中國在酒泉：40°15'N 97°21'E，建立新的地下設施提供鈽生產反應爐（plutonium production reactor），於廣元：32°26'N 105°52'E第三線鈽生產反應爐，在海晏：36°57'N 100°55'E，則為設計與製造設施，設置設計與製造設施於綿陽。以及蘭州：36°09' N 103°29' E有氣體擴散工廠（gaseous diffusion plant），設置第三線鈽處理工廠於宜賓：28°46'N 104°34'E。

美國情報單位依據當地與海晏類似的許多水泥建築物與三處高爆試驗場、整體建制規模和設施分散的配置，而初次偵察綿陽的核子武器製造中心。最初，因為照片解析度有限而很難確認設施運作的進度。設施在1971年早期完成，部份設施可能在1968年即可使用。對綿陽的高精度照片分析後，在1972年起整體設施讓中國武器製造能力大幅提昇。綿陽的整體設施複製與擴散了戰略武器研發與生產的能力。有證據顯示，中國試圖降低設施被轟炸的機會。設施沿著狹長的山谷與仔細的不干擾地貌與農地而配置。但仍然是清晰可見。

在1980年代與1990年代早期，美國能源部與中國工程物理研究院的科學家非正式的專業接觸後，在美中科學家間建立科技合作的制度性架構。在雙方政府以及相關研究機構首長會議仔細考量後，決定美國能源部核子實驗室與中方研究機構有共同利益存在。雙方的領導者相信科技互換的方案對雙方科學進展與科技運用有益，也能增進美中的瞭解與互信。從而，在1995年由由CAPE主席胡錫德（Hu Side）與桑迪亞國家實驗室（Sandia National Laboratories, SNL）主席Al Narath博士、洛斯阿拉莫斯國家實驗室（Los Alamos National Laboratory, LANL）主席Siegfried Hecker博士、勞倫斯立渥摩國家實驗室（Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, LLNL）主席Bruce Tartar博士互換函件，建立美中實驗室對實驗室的交流計劃。從1995年起，計劃先在以下領域予以實施：MPC&A科技（MPC&A technologies）、進一步禁止核子試驗驗證的應用（application of technologies for verification of the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty）、合作監視科技（cooperative monitoring technologies）、大氣模型建構（atmospheric modeling）、核子科學家管制核子科技的角色（the role of nuclear scientists in controlling nuclear technologies）等。此外，計劃參與者參加美中舉辦的各種會議。結果，參與者決定嘗試以中國的設施聯合示範MPC&A科技應用以作為先驅。

俄羅斯核能工業部與中國工程物理研究院在1994年11月19日簽署，有關轉換國防企業與民間使用核能的研究、科技與經濟合作的協定。因此，交換研究與科技資訊與人員。已經有超過30份以上銷往中國的高科技和約。有建立軍事工業轉換為民間生產的雙邊委員會。這些和約幫助研究所與企業在合作的研發計劃中使用、生產與銷售高科技秘訣。

根據中國媒體的報導，中俄和平使用核能研究的論壇在1993年4月於成都舉行。中俄和平使用核能研究的論壇，在1995年稍後與北京的中國工程物理研究院。首次論壇可能是有關核子武器研究但主要則是處理民間的核子應用。無疑的，後續的會議主要是雙方的核子武器研究，以及處理類似核子爆炸的民間應用，如河流改道、發電等。根據俄羅斯新聞在1996年4月的報導，核能部（Minatom）副部長聲明再與國防有關的核能科技任職的個人，不得出國除非獲得核能部的許可。因而，不能認為俄羅斯對中國核武計畫有部會級的協助。

附屬單位：

中國工程物理研究院，在四川綿陽有下列的研究所：

西南應用電子研究所（Southwest Institute of Applied Electronics）
西南化學材料研究所（Southwest Institute of Chemical Materials）
西南電子工程研究所（Southwest Institute of Electronic Engineering）
西南爆炸與化學工程研究所（Southwest Institute of Explosives and Chemical Engineering）
西南環境測試研究所（Southwest Institute of Environmental Testing）
西南流體力學研究所（Southwest Institute of Fluid Physics）
西南整體設計與組裝研究所（Southwest Institute of General Designing and Assembly）
西南機械科技研究所（Southwest Institute of Machining Technology）
西南材料研究所（Southwest Institute of Materials）
西南應用電子研究所（Southwest Institute of Nuclear Physics and Chemistry [INPC] ）
西南構造力學研究所（Southwest Institute of Structural Mechanics）
特殊材料研究與應用工廠（Research and Applications of Special Materials Factory）
西南應計算中心（Southwest Computing Center）

座落於綿陽之外CAEP的905研究所，是核武之非核武組件實驗室，有時候稱為「中國的桑迪亞」。

為於四川科學成綿陽的核子物理與化學研究所（the Institute of Nuclear Physics and Chemistry, INPC），是以核子物理、輻射化學和電漿物理為主，多領域的高級研究所。它有1460名人原，包括694名技術人員（22名研究學者、219資深工程師、243名工程師、35名碩士班學生）。INPC的主要設施包括關鍵的高溫與高密度電漿物理實驗室、熱中子實驗爐、脈衝快中子反應爐、高能雷射裝置，以及許多加速器。

Mianyang / Zitong
Mien-yang / Tzu-t'ung
Chinese Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP)
Southwest Institute
31°28'N 104°46'E

The Chinese Academy of Engineering Physics, also known as the Southwest Institute, is the primary design laboratory for Chinese nuclear weapons, located in Mianyang ( Sichuan ). Mian Yang city lies on the northern tip of the Chengdu Plain.

In the late 1960s as part of the "third line" effort to relocate critical defense infrastructure in the relatively remote interior, China built new [allegedly underground] facilities supplement the plutonium production reactor at Jiuquan [third line plutonium production reactor at Guangyuan ], the design and fabrication facility at Haiyan [third line design and fabrication facility at Mianyang ], and the gaseous diffusion plant at Lanzhou [third line plutonium processing facility at Yibin ].

The initial identification by US intelligence of the Mianyang [Tzu-t'ung] complex as a nuclear weapons fabrication center rested on the presence there of many revetted buildings and three high explosive test points similar to those at Haiyan, the overall size of the installation, and the pattern of dispersal of the facilities. It was initially difficult to determine the operational status of the complex because most of the available photography was small scale. It did appear to be complete in early 1971 and some portions could have been available for use as early as 1968. While precise analysis of the functions of Mianyang awaited higher resolution photography, it seemed clear in 1972 that the complex represented a major increase in China 's weapons fabrication capabilities. The Mianyang complex was built to provide strategic duplication and dispersal for both R&D and production. There is some evidence the Chinese attempted to reduce the vulnerability of the complex to bombing. They have strung the buildings along narrow valleys and meticulously minimized the disturbance of the local terrain features and agricultural patterns. Koko Nor , on the other hand, is highly visible.

In the 1980s and early 1990s, informal professional contact between scientists in the US Department of Energy (DOE) laboratories and the China Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP) generated interest in creating an institutional framework for technical cooperation between nuclear scientists in the US and China. After careful consideration by both governments and meetings between the directors of the research institutions involved, it was determined that the DOE nuclear laboratories and their counterpart research facilities in China have many mutual interests. Leaders on both sides became convinced that a program of technical exchange could lead to advances in science and technology applications of interest to both countries while contributing to greater understanding and trust between the US and China. Thus, the US-China Lab-to-Lab Program was formally established in 1995 through a letter exchange between Professor Hu Side as President of CAEP; Dr. Al Narath as President of Sandia National Laboratories (SNL); Dr. Siegfried Hecker as Director of Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL); and Dr. Bruce Tartar as Director of Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL). Since 1995, the program has sponsored exploratory workshops in the following areas: MPC&A technologies; application of technologies for verification of the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty; cooperative monitoring technologies; atmospheric modeling; and the role of nuclear scientists in controlling nuclear technologies. In addition, program participants have hosted scientists at conferences and meetings in both the US and China . As a result of these early explorations, the participants were determined to pursue a joint demonstration of the application of MPC&A technologies at a facility in China as the flagship project.

The Russian Ministry of Nuclear Power Industry and the Chinese Academy of Engineering Physics signed an agreement, on 19 November 1994, for research, technical and economic cooperation in the conversion of defence enterprises and civil use of nuclear power. Based on it is an exchange of research and technical information and personnel. Over 30 contracts were made for high-tech exports to China . A bilateral commission was established for military industry shift to civil-oriented production. It assists research institutes and industrial companies to use high-tech know-how for joint R&D, production and sales.

According to Chinese press reporting, a Sino-Russian symposium on nuclear research for peaceful purposes was held in Chengdu during April 1993 and a Sino-Russian symposium on peaceful nuclear explosions was held at a China Academy of Engineering Physics Institute in Beijing during late 1995. The first symposium probably involved nuclear weapon researchers but primarily dealt with civilian nuclear applications. The latter conference undoubtedly involved mainly nuclear weapon researchers from both countries and dealt with such civilian applications of nuclear explosives as changing the course of rivers and creating electrical power. According to Russian press in April 1996, the deputy minister of Minatom stated that individuals whose work is in defense-related nuclear technologies cannot travel abroad unless given permission by Minatom. Therefore, it can be assumed that any Russian assistance given to the Chinese nuclear weapons program has been approved at the ministerial level.

Subsidiary Entities

CAEP includes a number of institutes, all located in or near Mianyang , Sichuan Province.

Southwest Institute of Applied Electronics
Southwest Institute of Chemical Materials
Southwest Institute of Electronic Engineering
Southwest Institute of Explosives and Chemical Engineering
Southwest Institute of Environmental Testing
Southwest Institute of Fluid Physics
Southwest Institute of General Designing and Assembly
Southwest Institute of Machining Technology
Southwest Institute of Materials
Southwest Institute of Nuclear Physics and Chemistry [INPC]
Southwest Institute of Structural Mechanics
Research and Applications of Special Materials Factory
Southwest Computing Center

Institute 905 of CAEP, located outside Mianyang, is the ordnance engineering laboratory for non-nuclear components of nuclear weapons [sometimes called "the Chinese Sandia"].

The Institute of Nuclear Physics and Chemistry (INPC), located in Sichuan Science City in Mianyang, is a comprehensive institute with multiple disciplines, mainly nuclear physics, radiochemistry and plasma physics. It has 1,460 employees, including 694 technical personnel (22 research fellows, 219 senior engineers, 243 engineers, 35 graduate students). INPC's main facilities include key high-temperature and high-density plasma physics laboratory, thermal-neutron experimental reactor, pulsed fast neutron reactor, high-power laser installation, and various accelerators.

http://www.fas.org/nuke/guide/china/facility/mianyang.htm

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